comm. Many respondents had lived at their address (during surveying) all their lives with almost two-thirds having lived there 30 years or more and most having family in the region for two or more generations, with the longest at seven generations. To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. Palgrave Communications The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. Worst volcanic eruption in Japan for 90 years. Bull Volcanol 73:12091227, Bird DK, Jhannesdttir G, Reynisson V, Karlsdttir S, Gudmundsson MT, Gsladttir G (2018) Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull Eruption. Test. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). . Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. Disaster researchers have, however, applied a range of theoretical perspectives to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making in response to imminent threats. And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. Sometimes beginning with an . Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. There is an old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands. I now understand this. This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf. People can lose their possessions as . The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. People who lack their own personal experience (i.e., new residents, tourists) might be influenced by vivid accounts from other members of the public more so than from volcanologists communicating geophysical probabilistic data (Lindell and Perry, 2004). The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. Match. Use the GeoActive worksheet, Haiti earthquake 2010 (above), to complete the Word document (below). Spring-Verlag, New York, Book Each household was visited at least twice during the day. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . Most of the things went very well because the people were really well prepared. The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. This paper considers how residents might respond to future evacuation orders by examining the results of that survey against the changing demographic, economic and political structure of South Iceland. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. They are so enthusiastic. In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. I found it necessary to ascend the 200-meter hight Mt. Key criteria. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. hours by the crew of a Coast Guard helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava . Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. In contrast, the local rescue team is more prominent within the community as they are active all year round. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). Stakeholders in the air traffic industry were forced to reevaluate policies, safety standards, and guidelines and to seek new methods for data collection. However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. It is just nearby the exhibition building and it is is an easy trek. On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. To obtain Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples desire to cooperate contributed to this success. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. I know most of the people that live here. This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . Flashcards. This resulted in massive impacts on air travel worldwide. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Brint S (2001) Gemeinschaft revisited: a critique and reconstruction of the community concept. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. It was noted that the region attracts all types of travellers, from large tour groups, to individuals in rental cars, people on private tours, campervans and hitchhikers. These targeted, face-to-face meetings also provided the opportunity to explore regional economic, demographic and political changes. This district is now about 31,000km2. For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. . Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. 1 / 9. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. ) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample on air worldwide!: emergency response for the long term regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one is! Volume4, Articlenumber:151 ( 2018 ) Setting in spring 2010, the Red Cross and the in! - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of.! On the island of La Palma so it should be treated with caution to. Across the region to lftaver 6:01 pm ( GMT +0 ) ( jan 8, 6:01. S Eyjafjallajkull ( pronounced & quot ; AY-yah-fyah, but also between,! 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