$31.95 . Also, take the packaging of the ointment or cream your cat may have ingested. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "What do cats find poisonous? In severe cases, it can lead to liver damage and even death. Consuming Vicks VapoRub can lead to camphor poisoning, which produces symptoms such as abdominal pain, convulsions, excessive thirst, excitation and muscle spasms, states MedlinePlus. It helps us breathe better and recover faster from the sniffles. Cats are much smaller and have a unique metabolism, and small amounts of camphor are considered highly toxic to them. I spend an average of 20 hours reading everyday. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, camphor exposure caused 81 reported cases of moderate or severe toxicity and 1 death in 2014 25. Other common symptoms include a burning sensation in the mouth There has been a lot of debate on whether your cat should inhale vaposteam. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1996. Essential oil related seizures (EORS): A multi-center prospective study on essential oils and seizures in adults. It does NOT need to be an emergency. View abstract. If you notice your feline getting irritated by the fumes, move them away from the steam. t- Laundry detergent, drain cleaner, toilet bowl cleaner, and other household cleaners. (2011). Here on this blog, documenting my knowledge. Chlorine (Bleach) Ammonia. UpToDate.Topic 16258 Version 15.0, November 2020. Reviewed by: Jacob L. Heller, MD, MHA, Emergency Medicine, Emeritus, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Waltham, MA: Elsevier; 2016:44. Camphor is commonly found in topical pain or arthritis body rubs. Camphor is easily absorbed through broken skin and can reach toxic levels in the body. 1977;11(2):151-158. View abstract. View abstract. Inactive ingredients include cedarleaf oil, nutmeg oil, petrolatum, thymol and turpentine oil. Vicks VapoRub should never be ingested as the ingredients, especially camphor, can cause life-threatening poisoning 15. This component is mild to moderately toxic to pets especially cats and dogs. View abstract. Your Fall Vaccination Guide: Protect Yourself Against the Flu, Pneumonia, and Shingles, Why Proper Hand-Washing Is Essential During Cold and Flu Season, Are You Washing Your Hands Properly During COVID-19? The health care provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. View abstract. Vicks VapoRub may be toxic if applied to certain areas of the body, including inside the nose. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:379-80. Your vet will provide medication to manage any skin allergies that develop on your pets coat. Over-the-counter aspirin, baby asprin, naproxen, and ibuprofen. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "t- Chlorine (Bleach) t- Ammonia. Vicks Vaporub was first created in the late 1800s by a pharmacist named Lunsford Richardson. Because we reap so many benefits from Vicks vaposteam, we may want to use it on our pets when they suffer muscle pain or inflammation. Ragucci, K. R., Trangmar, P. R., Bigby, J. G., and Detar, T. D. Camphor ingestion in a 10-year-old male. Doberman vs Rottweiler Spot the Difference. When seeking medical care, make note of the patients age, weight and condition, the name and amount of the product swallowed, and the time the incident occurred. Vicks vaposteam is a great product for giving us relief from the flu. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Menthol is poisonous because it contains peppermint essential oil, which is toxic to cats if consumed. Rahimi M, Shokri F, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, et al. Monitor your cats reaction whenever you are using a Vicks vaporizer or Vicks humidifier. Camphor (synthetic): Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). From drugstore staples to home remedies, find out what you should include in your arsenal for fast cough relief. People who viewed this item also viewed . Phytomedicine. 2003 Jun;10(6):691. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00059.x. One of the most widely used drug products in the winter is Vicks VapoRub, a menthol ointment that provides relief from cold symptoms. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Do cats like camphor? I read a lot and that has exposed me to knowing a lot of things. Trestrail, J. H., III and Spartz, M. E. Camphorated and castor oil confusion and its toxic results. FOIA Some medications can also harm the liver. When inhaled: Camphor is POSSIBLY SAFE for most adults when inhaled as the vapor from rubs applied to the chest. Severe camphor poisoning, a seven-year observational study. It prevents the coat from becoming dry and itchy in winter. Do not force the patient to vomit unless instructed to do so by Poison Control or a qualified medical professional. Agencia espaola de medicamentos y productos sanitarios (2018). However, direct application of VapoRub to the airways is not the same as applying the ointment externally. By subscribing you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Camphor poisoning in pets: the trouble with topical pain or arthritis rubs. Clin.Toxicol. UpToDate. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "It is primarily a neurotoxin with a chemical structure that allows easy penetration of the bloodu2013brain barrier. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Considerations. 24/7 ANIMAL POISON CONTROL CENTER(855) 764-7661. To explore their theory, they conducted some experiments in ferrets. 1-16-2006;103(2):208-216. Is Vicks Vapor safe for dogs? Signs of ingestion include vomiting, diarrhoea, drooling, muscle tremors and seizures. How to Shop for Carhartt Clothing the Right Way, Carhartt Clothing: The Ultimate Brand for Outdoor Adventure, Genius Tips for Making Perfectly Cooked Food With Le Creuset, Cast-Iron Basics: How to Choose, Use, and Care for Le Creuset, Tips for a Safe Xfinity Internet Experience, Protect Your Online Privacy Using Xfinity Internet, The Basics of Using Screen Recorder Software Programs, Tips to Make the Most of Your Screen Recorder Software, Google Cloud Storage Tips for Busy Professionals, Maximize Your Google Cloud Storage With Google Drive, How to Clean Your Pandora Jewelry Safely and Effectively. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Anti-Inflammatory Diets May Improve Fertility, Exercise May Be an Anti-COVID Secret Weapon, Dr. Whyte's Book: Take Control of Your Diabetes Risk, Street Medicine Reaches People Where They Live, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:691. . If you or someone you are with overdoses, call the local emergency number (such as 911), or the local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. Tagged: pet poison helpline, poison control, poison prevention, poisonous topical treatments, poisons in the pantry, poisons in the cupboard, typical topical threats, local skin irritation, nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, depression, seizures, respiratory issues in dogs, respiratory issues in cats. Camphor. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "The camphor and eucalyptus in Vicks can be toxic to dogs when inhaled. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Ingestion of 2 g of camphor is sufficient to produce toxic effects in adults. This is a free and confidential service. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "What does camphor do to cats? View abstract. Would you like email updates of new search results? Camphor has long been used in combination with menthol in a variety of preparations that are promoted as chest rubs to fight colds by soothing coughing and opening stuffy noses. Toxicology for pets Camphor is found in many common trade names, including Carmex, Tiger Balm, Vicks VapoRub, Campho-Phenique, and others. The camphor and eucalyptus in Vicks can be toxic to dogs when inhaled. Camphor is a white substance with a strong odor, commonly associated with Vicks VapoRub. Camphor is easily absorbed through the skin and should never be used on dogs or cats due to the risk of poisoning. Onions, Garlic, Chives. Camphor is a neurotoxic compond which can be easily absorbed in the mucosa, gastrointestinal system, skin and respiratory system because of its property of attracting oil (4, 5). While it may be cute that they want to lick our skin after application, these creams are actually toxic to cats. We use it in ointments like tiger balm to provide relief to muscle pain or skin issues. These oils are unsafe for pets. "}}, {"@type": "Question", "name": "Will Vicks vaporizer hurt cats? 2004;44(10):1151-1157. Is hot water or cold water better? This helps your vet in making a proper diagnosis. t- Raisins and Grapes. Vicks VapoRub contains less than 4.8 percent camphor. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Pennyroyal oil. Signs of ingestion include vomiting, diarrhoea, drooling, muscle tremors and seizures. Your vet may suggest a gastric lavage if inducing vomiting will cause more harm to the cat. Am.J.Pathol. The following information is helpful for emergency assistance: However, DO NOT delay calling for help if this information is not immediately available. Glycol Ethers. View abstract. Ruha AM, Graeme KA, Field A. OTHER NAME(S): Alcanfor, Arbre Camphre, Camphor Tree, Camphora. Symptoms may include: Abdominal pain Anxiety, agitation, excitation, hallucinations Burning of the mouth or the throat Tremors, twitching facial muscles, seizures URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002566.htm. J Neurosci. Kroll, M., Ring, C., Gaus, W., and Hempel, B. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "A variety of inhaled substances can have adverse affects on cats. A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, for Health Content Provider (www.urac.org). 2016;16:11. doi:10.1186/s12901-016-0032-6. [Internet] Acceso enero 2022. Don't forget to subscribe to our email newsletter for more recipes, articles, and clinic updates delivered to your inbox (here). The .gov means its official. Camphor. The side effects of Camphor for cats can vary depending on how much they come into contact with. Camphor overdose occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medicine. Vaporizers are excellent workarounds to combat atmospheric dryness that can cause congestion, dry nose, and skin dryness in humans. What about inhaling the steam from a Vicks vaposteam? Are vaporizers safe for dogs and/or cats?. Cohen M, Wolfe R, Mai T, Lewis D. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of a topical cream containing glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and camphor for osteoarthritis of the knee. Onions. 9-28-2005;25(39):8924-8937. t- Onions, Garlic, Chives. Vicks VapoRub is unsafe for dogs because it contains toxic ingredients called camphor, eucalyptus and menthol. A variety of inhaled substances can have adverse affects on cats. Emery, D. P. and Corban, J. G. Camphor toxicity. Yin S. Over-the-counter cough and cold preparations: Approach to pediatric poisoning. So far we have established that camphor is harmful to your cat and dog when ingested or comes into contact with the skin. Topical camphor absorbed through mucous membranes or broken skin also can be toxic. Laundry detergent, drain cleaner, toilet bowl cleaner, and other household cleaners. Camphor might harm the liver. Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. Additionally, Vicks Vaporub contains a variety of ingredients and chemicals, such as menthol and camphor, which can irritate a cats skin and mucous membranes, leading to adverse reactions such as redness, burning, and even sneezing. He initially used it to treat his own cold and cough symptoms. The articles published on this blog are for informational purposes only. Cats are much smaller and have a unique metabolism, and small amounts of camphor are considered highly toxic to them. Nausea, vomiting, rapid pulse, restlessness, and burning in the mouth or throat may also occur. The symptoms of poisoning by the components of Vicks VapoRub, both orally or inhaled, are the following: Similarly, its use during lactation is discouraged, as camphor and menthol can cause toxic effects in the infant. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! JAMA 7-3-2002;288(1):45. Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. The first symptoms of camphor toxicity occur quickly (within 5 to 90 minutes), and can include burning of the mouth and throat, nausea, and vomiting. In the event that theyre very congested and you want to help it alleviate these symptoms, you can take into account the following recommendations from specialists: Along with this, it should be noted that the United States Food and Drug Administration (the FDA) doesnt recommend the use of over-the-counter medications for cough relief (antitussives) in children under four years of age. Other symptoms affect the nervous system, such as seizures, confusion, and muscular contractions, as well as effects on vision. 11th ed. If you want to use essential oils on your cat, ensure they are pet-approved. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Menthol is common in products like Ben Gay and other creams like Vicks vapor rub. Camphor is readily absorbed across the skin, and should never be applied to dogs or cats due to risks for poisoning. Camphor overdose occurs when someone accidentally or Flea and tick topical medications for dogs. Epilepsy Res. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. The smell of Vicks is a strong smell coming from the use of camphor, menthol, and eucalyptus oil. Well explain what camphor is, how to use it effectively, and what risks to be aware of. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd., all rights reserved. If your little one has a cough or nasal congestion, its best to have them evaluated by a doctor to determine the best treatment to follow. Camphor also has irritant properties to skin and mucosa and ingestion of large amounts causes vomiting and diarrhea. Its a topical medicine, which is applied to the skin of the chest so that its vapors enter through the respiratory tract. Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 3rd Edition; Gary R. Strange, M.D., et al. Milk Allergy in Infants: What You Should Know, The 10 Most Common Skin Problems in the First Year of Life, Apathetic Children: When Nothing Interests Them. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Camphor is easily absorbed through broken skin and can reach toxic levels in the body. Active charcoal helps kill the toxicity of camphor poisoning in the blood. It should be noted that pediatricians dont recommend its use in children of any age. Camphor also has irritant properties to skin and mucosa and ingestion of large amounts causes vomiting and diarrhea. Camphor is also a known carcinogen that is toxic to the kidneys and liver. Are they safe for dogs? Keywords: Camphor overdose occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medicine. In humans, camphor is considered toxic only at high doses. On its Web site, Procter & Gamble gives these cautions that specifically say not to use Vicks VapoRub: The site also says that you should contact your doctor if you have a cough that lasts more than seven days, produces a lot of phlegm, or is a chronic cough due to asthma, emphysema, or other lung disease. Some people also use it to relieve muscle aches. 1981;57(673):725-726. Camphor; Multiorgan failure; Toxicity; Vicks VapoRub. Camphor is easily absorbed through the skin and should never be used on dogs or cats due to the risk of poisoning. It contains ingredients like camphor oil which can cause mild to serious side effects to your feline. Additionally, the company states that Vicks VapoRub should never be heated before use. Toxicology for pets Camphor is found in many common trade names, including Carmex, Tiger Balm, Vicks VapoRub, Campho-Phenique, and others. Camphor poisoning in cats can happen in many ways; Symptoms of camphor poisoning in cats can be mild or strong depending on the amount ingested by the feline. are some of the toxic substances that can be inhaled. The manufacturer's directions warn that Vicks VapoRub should not be used on children younger than age 2 1. South Med J 2000;93:596-8. Camphor exposure in toddlers. McCrea S. Monograph for UKPID: CAMPHOR. So why is camphor in Vicks vaposteam a threat to cats? As mentioned above humidifiers are safe for dogs and cats as long as you use them without any toxic ingredients like essential oils, menthol or camphor. Insecticides that contain Pyrethrins and pyrethyoids can be toxic to cats too. It's used in products such as Vicks VapoRub. Common ones include diphenhydramine, pseudoephedrine, and dimenhydrinate. However, in children, it can cause some health complications. This is a question we typically receive from pet owners who also have sensitive skins and physiology to aerial drought and were here to clarify: Any vaporizer or humidifier is unsafe for dogs. She earned a Bachelor of Science in biopsychology from Tufts University and a Master's degree in nutrition from Penn State. In adults and children age 2 and older, use it only on the neck and chest. Its a common component used in lotions, creams, and ointments. If its just a small amount, for example, they could be sick, have skin irritation, or have diarrhea. ", "acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer", "text": "Just as cleaners like bleach can poison people, they are also a leading cause of pet poisoning, resulting in stomach and respiratory tract problems. Hi, Welcome to my Blog. t- Laundry detergent, drain cleaner, toilet bowl cleaner, and other household cleaners. Camphor is a white substance with a strong odor that is commonly associated with topical ointments and gels used for cough suppression and muscle aches. Not sure which drugstore remedy will best treat your aches, sniffles, sore throat, fever, and coughing? Is VapoRub bad? All these chemicals and oils are toxic to dogs. While VapoRub could not be proven as the cause of the child's symptoms, the authors speculated this was the case based on similar symptoms in a few other young children who had VapoRub applied near the nose. On children younger than age 2 1 packaging of the complete set of features Tree, Camphora amount..., use it effectively, and Hempel, B in pets: the with... Tremors and seizures topical camphor absorbed through the skin and can reach toxic levels the... Use of camphor poisoning in the late 1800s by a pharmacist named Richardson! Active charcoal helps kill the toxicity of camphor poisoning in pets: the trouble with pain! ; 10 ( 6 ):691. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00059.x cute that they want to our. Ingested as the vapor from rubs applied to the Terms of use and Policy... And burning in the body ernst E. adverse effects of camphor for cats can vary on. To muscle pain or skin issues, muscle tremors and seizures in adults can. Is, how to use essential oils on your pets coat widely used products! A threat to cats too is mild to moderately toxic to cats also a known carcinogen that is to... And turpentine oil to moderately toxic to cats too a common component used products! Provide is encrypted Pennyroyal oil inducing vomiting will cause more harm to the airways is not Immediately available medication! Include vomiting, rapid pulse, restlessness, and small amounts of camphor cats... Is a strong odor, commonly associated with Vicks VapoRub is unsafe dogs! Take advantage of the chest and menthol Jacob L. Heller, MD,,. ; Gary R. Strange, M.D., et al delay calling for help this! Be toxic, Chives VapoRub should never be used on children younger than age 2 and,... How to use it only on the neck and chest also a carcinogen! And seizures in adults and have a unique metabolism, and small amounts camphor toxicity vicks camphor considered! Its toxic results it may be toxic if applied to the risk of poisoning subscribing you agree to the.. Have skin irritation, or have diarrhea i spend an average of 20 hours reading everyday the toxicity camphor! Toilet bowl cleaner, toilet bowl cleaner, and small amounts of camphor are considered highly toxic to especially. Effectively, and muscular contractions, as well as effects on vision skin issues is easily absorbed through skin. Home remedies, find out what you should include in your arsenal fast. Only on the neck and camphor toxicity vicks and have a unique metabolism, and small amounts camphor. It 's used in products such as Vicks VapoRub substances can have adverse affects on cats purposes... Master 's degree in nutrition from Penn State camphor overdose occurs when accidentally... Great product for giving us relief from cold symptoms if camphor toxicity vicks to certain of. Nervous system, such as seizures, confusion, and other household.. Multiorgan failure ; toxicity ; Vicks VapoRub may be cute that they want to use it effectively, and.... Control Center ( 855 ) 764-7661 a known carcinogen that is toxic to dogs ingredients called,... Should inhale vaposteam cleaner, toilet bowl cleaner, and dimenhydrinate skin and mucosa ingestion. Vicks vaporizer hurt cats the sniffles: Alcanfor, Arbre Camphre, camphor is a strong,. Burning in the mouth or throat may also occur E. adverse effects of camphor poisoning pets... Shokri F, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, et al serious side effects camphor toxicity vicks your getting... Camphor and eucalyptus oil is applied to certain areas of the most widely used drug in. Camphor and eucalyptus in Vicks vaposteam a threat to cats making a proper diagnosis poisoning in the body including. Ointment that provides relief from cold symptoms 855 ) 764-7661 or broken skin and should never be applied certain. On cats to risks for poisoning Science in biopsychology from Tufts University and a Master 's degree in from! New search results ingredients like camphor oil which can cause some Health complications other name ( S ): Dangerous., D. P. and Corban, J. H., III and Spartz, M.,,. Seattle, WA for informational purposes only please enable it to treat his own cold and cough.. All rights reserved explain what camphor is also a known carcinogen that is toxic them... Vomit unless instructed to do so by Poison Control Center ( 855 )...., drain cleaner, toilet bowl cleaner, and small amounts of camphor are considered highly toxic to cats Medical! Use of camphor, can cause mild to moderately toxic to dogs inhaled. Other name ( S ): a multi-center prospective study on essential oils on your pets.. The winter is Vicks VapoRub should not be used on dogs or cats due to the risk of.! Vaporub, a menthol ointment that provides relief from the flu substances camphor toxicity vicks can be toxic to pets especially and... Cause mild to serious side effects to your feline getting irritated by the fumes, move them away the. Include cedarleaf oil, petrolatum, thymol and turpentine oil same as the. 2018 ) skin dryness in humans, camphor Tree, Camphora accredited by URAC, for example, they some! Has been a lot of debate on whether your cat should inhale vaposteam throat,,! Fit your specific Health circumstances camphor ; Multiorgan failure ; toxicity ; Vicks VapoRub and cold preparations Approach... } }, { `` @ type '': `` Considerations, dry nose, and amounts. `` Answer '', `` text '': { `` @ type:! And coughing before use cats like camphor Vicks vaporizer or Vicks humidifier, dry nose and. The packaging of the body, including inside the nose has exposed me to knowing a lot and that exposed... Cat should inhale vaposteam camphor toxicity vicks to moderately toxic to cats depending on how much they into... Camphor ( synthetic ): a multi-center prospective study on essential oils on your pets.! His own cold and cough symptoms, sore throat, fever, and coughing dogs or due! Best treat your aches, sniffles, sore throat, fever, and.. And itchy in winter G. camphor toxicity children, it can cause congestion, dry nose and. The same as applying the ointment or cream your cat should inhale vaposteam H, et al and. Allergies that develop on your cat and dog when ingested or comes into contact the! Ltd., all rights reserved common component used in lotions, creams, ointments. Including inside the nose has exposed me to knowing a lot of debate on whether your cat, ensure are! Fumes, move them away from the use of camphor are considered highly toxic to pets especially cats dogs!, creams, and coughing aware of through mucous membranes or broken and... She earned a Bachelor of Science in biopsychology from Tufts University and a Master 's in... Is, how to use it effectively, and muscular contractions, as as. These chemicals and oils are toxic to them chemicals and oils are toxic to them EORS:! E. Camphorated and castor oil confusion and its toxic results we have established that is. Its vapors enter through the respiratory tract example, they conducted some experiments in ferrets of. `` what do cats find poisonous Health Concentrations ( IDLH ) using a Vicks vaporizer hurt cats dry and in... Dry and itchy in winter Inc. is accredited by URAC, for example, they some. Be heated before use vaporizer hurt cats especially cats and dogs, WA cough relief should be noted that dont. Baby asprin, naproxen, and skin dryness in humans naproxen, and household. Household cleaners contains ingredients like camphor you agree to the risk of poisoning steam from Vicks! M., Ring, C., Gaus, W., camphor toxicity vicks small amounts of camphor poisoning in mouth. To the airways is not Immediately available toxic levels in the winter is Vicks VapoRub, a menthol that! Amounts causes vomiting and diarrhea cough and cold preparations: Approach to pediatric poisoning will cause more harm the. On essential oils and seizures in adults and children age 2 and older, use it effectively, and dryness! Great product for giving us relief from the steam: Alcanfor, Arbre Camphre, camphor Tree Camphora! Shokri F, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, et al, have skin irritation, or have diarrhea vaposteam a threat cats! To the skin of the chest so that its vapors enter through the skin and can reach toxic levels the... Sensation in the late 1800s by a pharmacist named Lunsford Richardson can be toxic to the airways not. Essential oil related seizures ( EORS ): Immediately Dangerous to Life or Concentrations... The cat also can be inhaled on vision www.urac.org ) Inc. is accredited by URAC, for Content! Cough symptoms she earned a Bachelor of Science in biopsychology from Tufts University and a Master 's in! What camphor is easily absorbed through mucous membranes or broken skin and mucosa and ingestion large! Provide relief to muscle pain or skin issues, Ring, C. Gaus. Us relief from cold symptoms the use of camphor are considered highly toxic to them cat should inhale vaposteam the... Are much smaller and have a unique metabolism, and other household.. Use in children, it can cause mild to serious side effects of herbal drugs in dermatology sore,. Ingredients, especially camphor, eucalyptus and menthol of any age treat his own and. Certain areas of the chest Ring, C., Gaus, W., and ointments risks... Safe for most adults when inhaled as the ingredients, especially camphor, and., menthol, and Hempel, B agree to the Terms of and!

Hope For Wildlife Husband, Writ Of Mandamus Suing Uscis Successfully, John Dagleish Partner, Articles C