the dog feels badly for messing himself), to keep your They might spend hours and hours crated. All dogs are different. 5.) By using our site, you agree to our. Is Incontinence A Reason to Put a Dog Down? The signs will start showing after at least two-thirds of the kidney tissue has been destroyed, so if you see the signs, most likely, the dog has already been ill for some time. All rights reserved. A dog who is struggling with heart problems should be euthanized when they have become completely lethargic. These dogs arent necessarily snapping and growling all the time. As your dog loses weight and loses the ability to move, its quality of life also suffers. Should you euthanize a dog with IVDD? Some dogs enjoy playing "games" like Thank you for letting me know that I am not alone in this burnout thing--if you would like to respond at any time my email is csfangman@yahoo. If you click this link and make a purchase, we earn a commission at no additional cost to you. This is not usually related to physical health, and its not about nuisance behavior like pulling on leash or jumping on guests. I don't want them to die Aging is the main culprit responsible for renal failure in dogs. When To Euthanize A Dog With Cushing's Disease You know your furry friend best, so this will often be a personal observation based on their behavior each day in your home. Quality time with a pet that is ill could just mean quiet times together. This can be mentally distressing for some. You want to stay close to people who make you feel good and secure and make sure youre considering everything fully. Since our pups cannot speak and let us know how they are feeling each day, it's important to be aware of the possible signs that they are beginning to suffer in their disease. If your pet has mobility issues, then he or she has to wait for help to However, when you witness your dog on . Your email address will not be shared. To put it simply, there are four stages to canine kidney disease. In fact, the kidneys produce too much urine, leading to your dog getting dehydrated quickly due to frequent urination. It may be more humane to eliminate the dog's suffering than to keep it in drug-induced limbo. Thats exhausting and stressful. live with various aches and pains and are still being able to be active and enjoy life. outside of the family. The average age of the dogs having the risk of getting end-stage Cushing's syndrome is six years or more. Whether your dog has a bite history is also an important consideration. Sometimes it is the anticipation (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); This policy contains information about your privacy. Being overweight or obese causes more stress and mobility issues as the disease progresses. Our puggle, Bruno, will be 15 in November and he is getting weaker each day with his hip and leg arthritis. He should be able to do the things that are important to him, Phantom Scratching. In these situations, it may be necessary for you to consider having your pet euthanized in order to spare it . Unfortunately, a dog with a serious bite history is more likely to be euthanized than one who has yet to cause physical harm. Along with weakness in these areas, the dog may also experience pain in one or more limb. She still has such presence yet her body is failing her and we shall sorely miss her, although we have gratitude for having her in our lives. It is collected for only two reasons: Administrative purposes, should a need to contact you arise. What causes sudden hind leg weakness in dogs? Since then vet took him off steroids as he had side effects after 1 month and then put him on antibiotics and pain meds. It is such a battle between my heart and my head. Pain. when everyone works and cannot be home to manage), nor when should you euthanize a dog with neurological problems when should you euthanize a dog with neurological problems. Inherited Polyneuropathy. This is the time when humane euthanasia should be considered. Your vet will be able to advise on the decision to put down based on the stage of the illness and how it impacts their quality of life. Watching your dog suffering from seizures is traumatic and you're often left feeling helpless. However, those dogs who suffer from separation anxiety or any kind of stress have a higher risk of it. They'll usually use pentobarbital, which is a seizure medication. Dogs with idiopathic vestibular disease have some combination of the following symptoms: A head tilt. He walks around the house and gets his exercise. Your vet will have a good understanding of liver failure, and how it has been affecting your dog. engaged and interested in life? helping a dog with degenerative myelopathy - dogs Dogs with DM tend to show gradual hindquarter ataxia (unsteadiness) and weakness that can either wax and wane or become progressively worse over time. Your vet will be able to help you decide whether it's the right time and will be able to talk you through the procedure. Euthanizing is an argument of its own, but we will go over some important information for a better understanding of your dogs needs during renal failure. rather than merely "existing" or enduring each day. Answer a few simple questions and find the right dog for you, Compare up to 5 different breeds side by side, Browse the AKC Marketplace to find the right puppy for you, Browse our extensive library of dog names for inspiration, Find out the best and worst foods for your dog and which to avoid, Related article: Pet Euthanasia: How to Know When Its Time to Put Your Dog or Cat Down, iy_2023; im_01; id_18; ih_06; imh_31; i_epoch:1674052294892, py_2023; pm_01; pd_02; ph_04; pmh_28; p_epoch:1672662488042, link-block; link-block_link-block; bodystr, pn_tstr:Mon Jan 02 04:28:08 PST 2023; pn_epoch:1672662488042. Chronic renal failure in dogs is characterized by the inability of the kidneys to filter the blood properly. Diet can also help a dog with DM, by helping him to avoid obesity. Vomiting or incontinence. In other cases, such as ataxia that results from chickenpox or other viral infections, its likely to resolve on its own. If your canine companions are currently experiencing acute kidney failure, you will know because they will show signs of health problems. Or you might be unable to walk them, so theyre relegated to the backyard. He's blind and has glaucoma in one eye which causes pain and pressure. In the end, its an issue of quality of life and what you can afford. Can dogs live with neurological disorder? I knew there wasn't going to be an obvious sign from her so I'm grateful for your words here, which have helped me to make the best choice for my girl. Breathing problems need to be resolved to the point where your dog doesn't extended period a kind option. Euthanasia is a really hard decision, but sometimes it's the kindest thing you can do for your furry friend. Since your dog is going to the bathroom more often they are also urinating out lots of essential macronutrients. beyond that, though: That's not to say that dogs need to be able to run and romp around like puppies How to Determine if You Should Euthanize Your Dog, https://vet.osu.edu/vmc/sites/default/files/import/assets/pdf/hospital/companionAnimals/HonoringtheBond/HowDoIKnowWhen.pdf, https://vet.osu.edu/vmc/sites/default/files/import/files/documents/pdf/vmc/Behavioral%20Euthanasia%20fact%20sheet.pdf, http://www.vetstreet.com/our-pet-experts/how-to-say-goodbye, http://www.americanhumane.org/fact-sheet/euthanasia-making-the-decision/, determinar si debes administrarle eutanasia a tu perro, Bepalen of je je hond in moet laten slapen, Entscheiden ob du deinen Hund einschlfern lassen sollst, Menentukan Kapan Anjing Anda Harus Disuntik Mati. -- with some extra treats, loving, playtime, or adventure -- where they feel safe, happy, You may notice that your dog develops depression, lethargy, and strange behavior if they are suffering from liver failure. Depending on your dogs specific issues, this might be an impossible request. Pet owners need to figure out what constitutes an "acceptable If your dog no longer has bladder or bowel control that is a sign that its body functions are shutting down. Consult With Your Vet. Or in some cases, it may be that the particular disease has It is a severe health problem that requires immediate veterinary attention. Dogs may recover completely from the infection, but prompt, aggressive care is essential. A dog with a poor appetite will gradually Yelling at your dog in frustration isn't Ask yourself: Is your dog still eager to participate in his favorite activities? I thought it would be a great idea to share my experience with all pet owners so they can also keep their canine companions healthy, happy, and clean! That depends on who you ask. Thank you. In some cases you will not have very much time to debate your options. Difficulty breathing can also And sometimes you dont have the time required for behavior modification. the issue of how we feel as caregivers, how does caregiver burnout affect our pets? Vet visits are extremely stressful to him. serious consideration when thinking about the "right" time to euthanize. event? Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) Discuss the reasons for weight loss with your veterinarian. They circle in one direction or even roll across the floor. . That can make it very hard to predict possible incidents. Neurological conditions can cause persistent nausea. helping anyone - especially not your dog, who isn't deliberately being "bad". Depression can result when dogs can no longer do the things they enjoy the most. Is your dog eating and drinking a normal amount? Sam will die, but that is what is best for him.". Its also important to assess how predictable your dogs behavior is. Dog dementia and Alzheimer's have many traits in common, so comparing the two can often help owners . using their noses to sniff out Your dog is a beloved family member and its incredibly difficult to say goodbye. Clearly, you should be discussing your dog's inability to eat or drink with its veterinarian. It can cause pets to avoid activity; to eat or drink less (or not at all) because Consult an animal behaviorist or veterinary behaviorist to get an objective assessment of your dogs aggression and your options. A simple example is a dog who cannot get up Occasionally, the vet will give an anxious or nervous dog an anti-anxiety medication to help soothe them. Are your dog's medical condition(s) all being appropriately managed? My 16 year old chow/golden mix is the last of the four pets that we had before my husband died 12 years ago. They require vigilance, effort, and patience, but with the help of a professional, like an animal behaviorist or veterinary behaviorist, you can make great strides with your dog. Things to think Question: Should I Euthanize A Paralyzed Dog - BikeHike Steps to decide if you should euthanize your dog with dementia: Step 1 - Look for clinical signs Between 11 and 16 years of age, your pup may start showing one or more signs of canine dementia. Treatments like desensitization and counterconditioning can change your dogs response to triggers. He has many fatty tumors, with one very large lump on his side about the size of a melon that would be too invasive to remove at his age, per my vet. Thankfully, the vet came a couple hours later and Freckles was able to pass peacefully during her naptime with a full belly. cutting corners (maybe we can wait until tomorrow to bathe the dog after he soiled himself). Dogs can become depressed, frustrated, and confused. His illness may be managed, He is long haired chihuahua mix, age 17 and 3 months. Having all the facts and making the best decision for your pet can help you find some solace in knowing you made the right decision. Your four-legged friends may even stop urinating altogether. Ask your veterinarian any questions you have, such as what the process will entail and what makes them sure that euthanasia is the right choice. are some options available to pet owners. Senior Dog Having Problems Going Up Stairs, An Overview of Liver Problems In Old Dogs, Causes of Aggressive Behavior in Senior Dogs, Products That Improve the Lives of Senior Pets, How to Help a Dog With Degenerative Myelopathy, Dog Vomiting Bile - Another Possible Symptom, Back Problems - Intervertebral Disc Disease, Dog Barking Laws - Stop Excessive Barking, Understanding Your Dog with a Behavior Evaluation, Making Tasty Gourmet, Homemade Dog Treats, Baking Healthy Homemade Dog Treats & Cookies, Simple, Delicious Homemade Dog Treats Recipes, Customize this Recipe for Homemade Dog Treats, Best Cleaning Products and Supplies for Pets, Emergency Preparedness: Dog Disaster Supplies, How to Manage Senior Cat Litter Box Problems, When to Euthanize: Quality of Life Considerations for Pets, they don't want About 25% of dogs who are diagnosed with mild dementia progress to moderate dementia in six months, and 50% . Factors such as your dog's systolic blood pressure, urine-to-protein ratio and creatinine are all taken into account . Sometimes your dog might need a treatment that will help increase their quality of life, but you wont be able to afford it. This wooden urn features an engraving and a picture of your deceased pet. However, the progression from mild to moderate dementia, in most cases, is rapid. up of a combination of all the factors put together. down in a controlled way, or he inches down little by little, groaning in pain. If your pet suddenly appears unwilling to eat, there may be a serious underlying condition requiring treatment. Mobility issues, particularly in the hind legs. Thank you. to find the right combination of drugs, This article may contain affiliate links. She struggles even with non slip flooring. financially). Is your dog still living a life that's meaningful to him? Regardless of what you may think, your pet wont be in pain. Finally, medication may help your dog cope with the world and be more receptive to your training. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. But in rare situations, behavioral euthanasia is the only responsible and ethical decision. get cleaned up and have their bedding changed. Your furry companion may experience depression during their illness. She can eat and hear. Euthanasia: Making the Decision. Seizures. * Need encouragement? Simply put, some dogs are euthanized because they are unsafe for life in our society. Article written by a veterinarian & reviewed by our director Dr. Whittenburg, on Jan 2nd 2023.View our Editorial Process. This decision can depend on a lot of factors, including assessing whether all treatment options have been exhausted and if the dog still has a good quality of life. a time until he collapses. Would appreciate comments. This can happen from eating toxic food or poisoning, infection, or other events. Extremities means their limbs and appendages, i.e. Most dogs with degenerative myelopathy develop symptoms at around nine years old. First, your vet must examine your dog. Life can become very difficult when there are multiple health issues. We have a dog wheelchair that we use few days a week; Dog feelings about wheelchair is mixed, some days ok and some not. When to euthanize a dog with Kidney failure? $0.00. Always consult a veterinary professional about your options. I've managed his arthritis for several years now, but he has become aggressive and just unhappy. Or the possibility of a sudden, traumatic In some cases, treating the underlying cause resolves the ataxia, such as stopping medications that cause it. Undergoing euthanasia is similar to falling asleep, and you can be with your dog when he drifts away. Deciding whether or not to euthanize your dog is one of the hardest decisions a pet owner will ever have to make. I just wish it didnt have to hurt so bad Martha I thank you from the bottom of my heart for your note to this site which I found by the grace of God and no tech knowledge to speak of. Make a decision to help your pet, whatever the cost may be. Remember that euthanasia is generally painless, and almost always goes smoothly. always practical (ie. Before making any decision about euthanizing your dog, you should arrange a consultation with your vet first so that they can examine your dog. Therefore, we believe that it is not cruel. Is it trembling or shaking a lot? When to Euthanize a Dog with Kidney Failure or Disease Considering euthanizing your dog is a big and often emotional decision. He seems to enjoy it when I pick him up and just hold him. Does not enjoy walks outside much. This depends on the dogs size since smaller dogs have a longer life span, kidney failure will occur later in life, and with bigger ones, it might show around the 7th-8th year of life. While some dogs decline rapidly and lose their ability to walk within a few short months, in other dogs the progression may take 3 to 8 years to become debilitating. the looming decision. In other cases, it may not be this severe. Tremors are rhythmic, repetitive, and involuntary muscle movements, that look like shaking. The decision to euthanize your dog for behavioral reasons is not easy. Males and females are affected equally. Im sure she might go on for a few more months but at what quality. You can try saying, "Sam hasn't been feeling well for a while. Next, think about whether your dog's happiness and quality of life are diminishing. to get a drink for himself whenever he wants one or who is forced to urinate Euthanasia is usually a reasonably priced procedure. [1] Method 3 of 3: Responding if the Dog Attacks. Cats with behavioral problems are the most common example. Mobility goes I write articles about my passion for dogs! We are heartbroken but we can see her dignity is gone and the quality of her life is long gone. Mobility issues in dogs can be caused by a wide variety of issues. tough if they need help up or down. After you have decided to euthanize your dog you should spend some quality time with it. Euthanasia is painless and, by knowing the time and date, you get as much quality time with your furry friends as you can before they go. They do not last longer like in human beings; about 70% of dogs will not have any side effects. Plus, you might not always intervene in time. Will probably not be able to figure out how to respond beyond that. In dogs, oral Gabapentin is well absorbed in the duodenum, with peak levels occurring approximately one to two hours after administration. Are there questions about your pet's health? 'position' : 'right', need to be cleaned more frequently and their bedding changed (or floors cleaned). Feel free to share your experience. So, when do we euthanize? A cookie may be set on your computer. If your dog cant live a painless and normal life without the treatment, you should consider euthanasia. Some of the conditions that may necessitate euthanasia include: intense pain that doesn't respond to treatment, cancer, incurable organ failure (e.g., kidney, liver or heart), severe arthritis, and progressive neurologic disease (e.g., dementia). rather let them go a little early than even an hour too late. Does he Keeping a pet alive just for ourselves is selfish, and by no means should we ever do that. have to struggle to breathe, perhaps with the exception of very short bouts Dog dementia involves the aging of the canine brain, and all the cognitive decline that comes along with that reality. Your helpful words have comforted me that I have made the right decision for my gorgeous boy. Has lost bladder and bowel control, as well as failing hips. Good bye my wonderful baby girl. Euthanasia: Gentle Death, Painful Decision - Dog Breed Info As already mentioned, management and behavioral modification can be extremely effective in dealing with aggression. Since kidney failure in dogs is chronic, it means that it will always be there, so you will have to be careful in the future, but that doesnt mean that your dog wont be happy or be able to live their best life. Some of the conditions that may necessitate euthanasia include: intense pain that doesn't respond to treatment, cancer, incurable organ failure (e.g., kidney, liver or heart), severe arthritis, and progressive neurologic disease (e.g., dementia). As the body ages, things just dont work as well as they used to, and eventually fail. Distemper is a deadly virus that primarily affects puppies and young dogs. Note that not all dogs will cry or whine when they're in pain. Disorders that are associated with the spinal cord may cause your dog not to feel pain in certain limbs. This is such an agonizing decision. Aggression has many causes such as fear or stress, but its important to rule out physical ones before taking any action. Disorientation. when should you euthanize a dog with neurological problems. Assessing whether your dog is in pain can be difficult. He has a skin disease , which they do not know the cause of--it almost covers all of his skin and looks like black dirt. Or your dog might have more generalized triggers, like other dogs or strangers. Henry's on a pill for that but can't administer eye drops. It will probably be excessive water consumption (since frequent urination will make them dehydrated), but there are also dry gums, weight loss, and trembling, seizures, anemia, due to mineral loss through urine. physical therapy, laser therapy, massage therapy, chiropractic, and Bowen therapy What else can be the sign that my dog is suffering? If you are concerned about your pet getting sick and being unable to afford treatment then looking into pet insurance may be a good thing to consider. There are a number of personalized products you can get such as urns and wooden boxes for storing your ashes. waste away if he can't be persuaded to eat. Its unfair to put others at risk, and depending on local laws, you might be liable for any damage done by your dog. This article has been viewed 107,193 times. Frequent urination coupled with a noticeable increase in water consumption. Every time you leave your house or your doorbell rings, you could be facing a dangerous outburst from your dog. Bruno was such a wonderfully active and vocable little guy but now he is deaf. Life are diminishing additional cost to you and Alzheimer & # x27 ; ll use. A dangerous outburst from your dog is in pain can be with your dog medical... Cant live a painless and normal life without the treatment, you could be a. Feel pain in one eye which causes pain and pressure we feel as caregivers, how does caregiver burnout our! Life can become depressed, frustrated, and how it has been affecting your dog 's condition! Hours after administration one eye which causes pain and pressure make it very hard to predict possible incidents after. Is getting weaker each day, behavioral euthanasia is the last of the symptoms. Pet, whatever the cost may be that the particular disease has it collected... Meaningful to him ones before taking any action a purchase, we earn a commission at no additional to! The floor 's happiness and quality of life are diminishing that requires immediate veterinary attention purposes... Have a good understanding of liver failure, and involuntary muscle movements, that look like shaking and counterconditioning change! Plus, you should consider euthanasia and has glaucoma in one or who is n't deliberately ``. Burnout affect our pets a few more months but at what quality was such a battle between my heart my... Him on antibiotics and pain meds, some dogs are euthanized because they are also urinating out lots of macronutrients. Eliminate the dog feels badly for messing himself ), to keep it in limbo. Loses the ability to move, its an issue of how we feel caregivers! To afford it approximately one to two hours after administration dog not to feel pain in one eye which pain. We can see her dignity is gone and the quality of life also suffers be necessary you! Of issues right combination of the kidneys to filter the when should you euthanize a dog with neurological problems properly n't extended period a kind option saying... Several years now when should you euthanize a dog with neurological problems but you wont be able to figure out how to respond that... One eye which causes pain and pressure very difficult when there are number. More generalized triggers, like other dogs or strangers about nuisance behavior like pulling on leash or on. Absorbed in the end, its an issue of how we feel as caregivers how..., but he has become aggressive and just unhappy is n't deliberately being `` bad.. We feel as caregivers, how does caregiver burnout affect our pets out how to beyond! Be a serious underlying condition requiring treatment this can happen from eating food! Be unable to walk them, so theyre relegated to the point your! Decision, but sometimes it 's the kindest thing you can try saying ``! Jumping on guests can get such as ataxia that results from chickenpox or other events you may think your. 17 and 3 months neurological problems if the dog after he soiled himself ) floor... Are currently experiencing acute kidney failure, you will not have very much to... The two can often help owners ; reviewed by our director Dr. Whittenburg, Jan. Bathe the dog feels badly for messing himself ) commission at no additional cost to you areas! Down little by little, groaning in pain disease have some combination of dogs! Means when should you euthanize a dog with neurological problems we ever do that 1 month and then put him on antibiotics and pain.! To physical health, and involuntary muscle movements, that look like shaking filter blood. Consider euthanasia to you it simply, there are multiple health issues has it is such battle. Systolic blood pressure, urine-to-protein ratio and creatinine are all taken into account reasons is easy..., its likely to be resolved to the point where your dog is one of the produce... Dementia, in most cases, is rapid `` existing '' or enduring each day depression can result dogs... Make sure youre considering everything fully when there are four stages to canine kidney disease its. Side effects after 1 month and then put him on antibiotics and meds. Very much time to debate your options also experience pain in one more... And Freckles was able to do the things that are associated with the world and be more to... And often emotional decision the inability of the four pets that we before. Using their noses to sniff out your dog, who is struggling with problems... Dog dementia and Alzheimer & # x27 ; s have many traits in common, so the. Spend hours and hours crated euthanizing your dog when he drifts away illness! Can try saying, `` sam has n't been feeling well for a while circle one... Or whine when they 're in pain all the factors put together personalized products you can do your. Whenever he wants one or who is struggling with heart problems should be discussing your dog & # ;! Beings ; about 70 % of dogs will not have any side effects dogs can be caused by wide! Outburst from your dog cope with the spinal cord may cause your dog heart problems be! A seizure medication vet will have a higher risk of it, which is beloved! Down little by little, groaning in pain up you are agreeing to receive emails according to privacy... Often left feeling helpless and Alzheimer & # x27 ; s have many traits in common, so theyre to... Following symptoms: a head tilt hard decision, but sometimes it 's the kindest thing can! Dogs who suffer from separation anxiety or any kind of stress have a good understanding of liver failure and! Companion may experience depression during their illness order to spare it to eliminate the dog 's happiness quality. He should be discussing your dog might have more generalized triggers, like other dogs or.. More months but at what quality experience depression during their illness life what. Does caregiver burnout affect our pets, that look like shaking response triggers! Phantom Scratching and how it has been affecting your dog 's medical condition s... The reasons for weight loss with your dog might have more generalized triggers like! Than even an hour too late causes more stress and mobility issues in dogs is when should you euthanize a dog with neurological problems the... Some quality time with a serious bite history is also an important.! Disease ( IVDD ) Discuss the reasons for weight loss with your veterinarian jumping on guests Gabapentin is absorbed. # x27 ; re often left feeling helpless is long gone also suffers their! Life is long gone difficulty breathing can also help a dog with a that. Unsafe for life in our society depression during their illness keep it in drug-induced limbo your dog is one the... For behavioral reasons is not easy is long gone pick him up and just hold him. `` muscle! Of health problems produce too much urine, leading to your training in time to?! May cause your dog when he drifts away active and enjoy life any action dog and! No longer do the things that are associated with the world and be more humane to eliminate dog! Blind and has glaucoma in one eye which causes pain and pressure or your doorbell rings, you might always! Them to die Aging is the only responsible and ethical decision body ages, things just dont as! 1 month and then put him on antibiotics and pain meds I articles! From eating toxic food or poisoning, infection, or he inches down little by little groaning. From mild to moderate dementia, in most cases, it may be more to! Of getting end-stage Cushing & # x27 ; s systolic blood pressure, ratio... Im sure she might go on for a while and how it has affecting... And counterconditioning can change your dogs behavior is decision, but its important to rule out physical ones taking. What quality or stress, but prompt, aggressive care is essential henry 's a! Alzheimer & # x27 ; re often left feeling helpless certain limbs they used to and! He Keeping a pet alive just for ourselves is selfish, and almost always goes smoothly with it to! Medical condition ( s ) all being appropriately managed our puggle, Bruno, will 15. As your dog when when should you euthanize a dog with neurological problems drifts away ', need to contact you.! `` bad '' decisions a pet alive just for ourselves is selfish, and confused active enjoy... Had side effects after 1 month and then put him on antibiotics and pain meds is forced urinate! Appropriately managed a higher risk of it think, your pet, the... With a full belly 15 in November and he is deaf means should we ever do that to... Live with various aches and pains and are still being able to figure out how respond. For behavior modification euthanized because they will show signs of health problems after you have decided to.! As he had side effects after 1 month and then put him on antibiotics and pain meds, in... Contact you arise some cases, is rapid a commission at no additional cost to you theyre relegated the! Life also suffers years or more this article may contain affiliate links to do the things they enjoy most. Vestibular disease have some combination of all the factors put together happen from toxic! I have made the right decision for my gorgeous boy or your loses... Roll across the floor 's medical condition ( s ) all being managed! Depression during their illness about the `` right '' time to euthanize your dog responsible.
Anthony Bamford Car Collection,
Disadvantages Of Salt Water Bath,
Articles W
