evolution of family in sociology

Family planning, contraception, and abortion policies also received attention during the 1980s in a time of a perceived reactionary cultural cli mate. As such, the family performs several important functions. The social identity it gives to its children does affect their life chances, but it also reinforces a societys system of stratification. Even Homer Simpson's catchphrase, "d'oh" is now a word. Separated from parental supervision, working children were highly exploited. The evolutionary view of family pushed sociology toward the pragmatic vision of the family as adaptable to surrounding social conditions. They viewed their own societys art, religion, morals, and values according to their notions of what was good and correct, explaining such barbaric practices as polygamy and sexual promiscuity based on their own national and individual norms. 7.4 The Get-Tough Approach: Boon or Bust? Finally, Goode proposes that in the world revolution toward industrialization and urbanization there is a convergence of diverse types of extended family forms to some type of conjugal family system. George Allen & Unwin, London. In contrast, the traditional extended family system of extensive, obligatory economic and residential rights and duties is seen to be dysfunctional for industrial society. Such gender differences seem less common in middle-class families, where men are better educated and more emotionally expressive than their working-class counterparts. Progressive development believed that the human species evolved from stages of savagery to civilization. Second, the family is ideally a major source of practical and emotional support for its members. The paramount concern was the study of the family in the context of the abuses of rapid industrialization and urbanization. The large balance of sociological research on family is still as insulated as most professional intellectual activity, and concentrates on issues primarily of interest to scholars. New York, NY: Basic Books. Professor Woods. Attempts to show how family sociology should be framed by theory were rare; so much so that a 1979 collection by Burr and his associates is still considered particularly noteworthy. The family can also be a source of conflict, including physical violence and emotional cruelty, for its own members. More adults, whether young or elderly, live outside of the family as well. Further, they did not understand that many nonliterate societies deemphasize changes in the past to stress their continuity with it. This led to an ideology that lauded economic advancement and social order, the results of which were younger marriages that lasted longer, more children, fewer divorces, and more nuclear families. Constant change and adaptation are the only themes that remain consistent for families throughout Americas history. Families ate meals and went on outings together, and lived in sociable neighborhoods. Social Darwinism also made the fatal error of equating contemporary nonliterate cultures with the hypothetical primeval savage society. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The economic boom that followed World War II led to significant economic growth, particularly in manufacturing and consumer goods; around 13 million new homes were built in the 1950s. The family as a topic in its own right was still most often the province of social workers concerned with social problems and therapeutic issues. In summary, Parsons emphasized the importance of the nuclear family in the absence of extended kinship ties in that it meets two major societal needs: the socialization of children and the satisfaction of the affectional and emotional demands of husbands, wives, and their children. One of the most important functions of the family is the socialization of children. Science and technology are seen to guide societies from traditional, preindustrial social institutions to complex, internally differentiated ones. They saw traditional patterns of life being broken down by debilitating urban forces, resulting in social disorganization within the family. There was a dramatic increase in such conditions as poverty, child labor, desertions, prostitution, illegitimacy, and the abuse of women and children. As it developed through the centuries, and especially during industrialization, the family also became more and more of a patriarchal unit (see earlier discussion), helping to ensure mens status at the top of the social hierarchy. First, the fabric of Western European and American society was undergoing major changes. It socializes children, provides practical and emotional support for its members, regulates sexual reproduction, and provides its members with a social identity. It was generally against the law to live together or have children outside of marriage. Cultural history: the study of the family in the cultural context. At the University of Chicago, Ernest Burgess elaborated the properties of family as a collection of interacting individuals, and encouraged a commitment to prediction and explanation in all of sociology including the area of family. In these societies, marriages are arranged by parents and other kin for economic reasons or to build alliances, and young people are simply expected to marry whoever is chosen for them. The authors call for a new public body to support research on digital wellbeing and to promote digital citizenship and social responsibility within the technology industry. Typically this involves minor factual correctives that address sensational but accepted media narratives there is not an epidemic of teen pregnancy (rates continue to decrease), there is no precipitous decline in US households with children, but slow changes related to delayed marriage, low unemployment, and an aging population. One reason for these developments is that marriage has been repositioned as a cornerstone to capstone, from a foundational act of early adulthood to a crowning event of later adulthood. It is viewed as an event that should happen after finishing college and establishing a career. Family theory aimed at phenomena no more general than family roles, organization, life cycles, and the like. In addition, sudden or far-reaching changes in the familys structure or processes threaten its stability and weaken society. Blackwell, Malden, MA. Free Press, Glencoe, IL. Factor analysis on a web-based sample of 500 respondents from the UK confirmed the existence of 14 out of 15 postulated motives using factor analysis, and can form the foundation of a scale for use in applied psychological work ranging from personality testing to personnel selection to public health program design. Coleman, M. & Ganong, L. H. (2004) Handbook of Contemporary Families. It is also the first group in which individuals socialize and learn to live in society. 36 - 55 evolution of family structures Men often married because they needed someone to help them on the farm or in their business, or because a woman came with a handsome dowry Women married for similar economic and social reasons ^ love was not the primary motive The belief in universal family uniformity led to ramifications on the nature and place of the human species and affected the traditional institutions of the church, the state, and the family. Coontz, S. (1992) The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. Towards an Evolutionary Psychology of the Family Catherine Salmon and Todd K. Shackelford 2. OKelly, C. & Carney, L. (1986) Women and Men in Society: Cross Cultural Perspectives on Gender Stratification. It will remain topical, comparative, and empirical, but the politics and rhetoric of family will increasingly frame its issues. This stage, in Engelss view, rather than representing the apex of marital and familial forms, represented the victory of private property over common ownership and group marriage. One final factor in the decline of evolutionary theory was the shift in focus of the sociology of the family. The family performs several essential functions for society. Their contacts with the outside world diminished and they were removed from community involvements. Radicals, conservatives, and social reformers called for fundamental changes in the society and in the family and its new way of life. Evolutionary psychology : an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behavior. The origin & Division of Family Morgan - He has listed to successive forms of family. Education is often seen as a male prerogative, and lacking education they have fewer economic options. Wives and husbands have different styles of communication, and social class affects the expectations that spouses have of their marriages and of each other. But these most recent changes have brought with them a nostalgia-based myth: that divorce, domestic violence, and single parenthood are recent phenomena. Cohabitating, but unwed, couples account for 16.7 percent of all families in Canada. This chapter outlines the main assumptions and recent advances in evolutionary family sociology. The family is the major unit for teaching these norms and the major unit through which sexual reproduction occurs. Commentaries of the middle and late nineteenth century warned urgently of the social problems of divorce and abandonment citing individualism, easy morals, and lax divorce laws for a breakdown of family. During the institution building phase (Maines 2001) of sociology up to World War II, sociology was empirical, quantitative, and theoretical. Komarovsky, M. (1964). Womens role in religion often is of secondary or of little religious importance. Another area of interest is the involvement of men who have migrated from poorer countries to wealthier ones primarily for economic motives. Modernization is often linked with a wide range of changes in the political, economic, social, and individual spheres. All these trends provided evidence of the continuing visibility, not social disorganization, of the family and of the increased vitality of the nuclear family bond. Do you think the family continues to serve the function of regulating sexual behavior and sexual reproduction? The rapid change in industrial technology and the innumerable forms of work necessitated a more formal institutional setting the school to help raise the children. Macro sociology looks at economies of scale, law, medicine, and education systems to show how society works Basic Books, New York. Included in these trends is the expansion of rights granted to same-sex couples. We return to family violence later in this chapter. We return to their concerns shortly. Goode, W. J. Parents paid close attention to disciplining their children and live-in relationships were unheard of in fact, girls stayed in their parents home until marriage and did not commonly attend college. The basic argument was that since biological evolution proceeded by a series of stages (from the simple to the complex), the same process would hold for cultures. Family sociology grew to be among the largest specialty areas of the discipline during the middle decades of the twentieth century. As previous chapters indicated, no society is possible without adequate socialization of its young. And by 2007, almost 40 percent of children were born to unmarried, adult mothers. Consanguine Family: In this type of family, marriage between blood relatives was not forbidden. (2002) Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. But, insofar as Engelss Marxist view constituted a branch of evolutionary thought, it was subject to many of the same objections raised against other evolutionary theories. In addition, single-parent families headed by mothers, families formed through remarriage, and empty-nest families have all become part of the norm. Women ran households and raised children alone, and some went to work in war industries. This shift was in part precipitated by the sweeping changes in American and European societies during the nineteenth century. Trost, J. Families moved to the suburbs because they could afford to, and the family became a haven in a heartless world, as well as an alternative world of satisfaction and intimacy for adults and children that had experienced the ravages of wartime. 22.1 What Have You Learned From This Book? The Social Darwinists differed concerning specific lines of development. The cornerstone of family life was its companionship and emotional functions. Children became emotional rather than economic assets for the first time, close with their parents and the center of the family. However, by the 19th century, coverture was less of an issue and these rigid legal boundaries were relaxed, with common-law marriage widely recognized as an acceptable union. The city was depicted as a sprawling and planless development bereft of meaningful community and neighborhood relationships. Rubin, L. B. In addition, the number of cohabiting couples increased from less than half a million in 1960 to 4.9 million in the 2000 census. Macro sociology looks at economies of scale, law, medicine, and systems of education to show how society works. Journal of Marriage and the Family 52: 809-17. Another factor in the decline of evolutionary theory was that it was involved with an irrelevant set of questions. During the first two decades of the twentieth century, sociological study was seldom devoted exclusively to family. It socializes children, it provides emotional and practical support for its members, it helps regulate sexual activity and sexual reproduction, and it provides its members with a social identity. (2005) Handbook of World Families. Furthermore, I have developed interpersonal . If family sociology were more visible to the lay public, its basic assumptions would be recognized as politically liberal and culturally progressive. It compared families by race, geography, income, and occupation in the United States, and as the sociological community became more global, American sociologists conducted more international family comparisons and American journals published significant international work. The family change would see the diminishing control and power of extended kinship systems and emergence of affectional ties and obligations with the nuclear family. It was a robust and diverse area. That gay and lesbian relationships are accorded the family label attests to the non judgmental attitude popularly associated with liberal thinking. And through its advocacy of evolutionary progress, Social Darwinism provided laissez faire guidelines that supported neglect of the poorer classes of American and Western European societies. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. By the 1950s the dominant school was structural functionalism, under the intellectual leadership of Talcott Parsons, who was one of the most predominant and influential sociologists of the twentieth century. 1.3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology, 2.2 Stages in the Sociological Research Process, 2.4 Ethical Issues in Sociological Research, 2.5 Sociological Research in the Service of Society, 3.1 Culture and the Sociological Perspective, 4.4 Socialization Through the Life Course, 4.5 Resocialization and Total Institutions, 4.6 Socialization Practices and Improving Society, 5.1 Social Structure: The Building Blocks of Social Life, 6.4 Groups, Organizations, and Social Change, 7.1 Social Control and the Relativity of Deviance. Casting family change as a dependent variable and subjecting divorce to demographic analysis were two strong indicators of an emerging science of family that would be relatively independent from moral concerns. F. amilies are essentially care institutions that vary across cultures and . Where we are born, we are a member. Instead, and as the news story that began this chapter tragically illustrated, they argue, shout, and use emotional cruelty and physical violence. Instead of being one unit, the family institution has been in a constant state of evolution, according to California Cryobank. The paper "The Evolution of the Family" describes that provides expiation of normative ideas about the proper place of the family. Hareven, T. (2000) Families, History and Social Change. Still, these interests overlapped with sociological concerns about social pathologies and helped to maintain general, academic interest in a scientific sociology of family. In most societies the family is the major unit through which socialization occurs. Journal of Marriage and the Family 50: 5-17. It approaches human families in comparison to other species and the history, study of intergenerational relations, using biological, psychological and sociological factors to develop a single framework for understanding why kin help one another across generations. The average age for women to marry was 20, divorce rates stabilized, and the birth rate doubled. The controversy surrounding evolutionary theory was sweeping Western Europe and America. Instead of being one unit, the family institution has been ina constant state of evolution, according to California Cryobank. Successful Online Learning Strategies: The Importance of Time Management for Students, How to Be Successful as an Online Student, A History of Mental Illness Treatment: Obsolete Practices, The Psychology of Fear: Exploring the Science Behind Horror Entertainment, A Brief History of the Pre-20th Century Family, Family Science Degrees at Concordia University, St. Paul. Women are particularly impacted by global poverty. Societies were rapidly industrializing and urbanizing. It compared families by race, geography, income, and occupation in the United States, and as the sociological community became more global, American sociologists conducted more international family comparisons and American journals published significant international work. The family, the modern unit, instrument Thus, schools, churches, peer groups, political parties, voluntary associations, and occupational groups have assumed functions once reserved for the family. Family systems were found to have differences almost beyond imagination. Social Darwinists and Marxists tried to make sense of these changes through utilization of evolutionary theories. (1997) In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age. First, the family is the primary unit for socializing children. In particular, he believed it had become highly differentiated, with the family systems previous educational, religious, political, and economic functions being taken over by other institutions in the society. Evolutionary Anthropology of the Human Family Mark V. Flinn 3. By Stephanie Coontz | September 1, 2007 In most societies, the family is the major unit in which socialization happens. family life course: a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages. A functional understanding of the family thus stresses the ways in which the family as a social institution helps make society possible. Prior to the nineteenth century, western thought generally held to a biblical belief in the origins of the family stemming from Gods creation of the world, including Adam and Eve. Evolutionary family sociology studies how genetic relatedness and psychological predispositions shape intimate relations. Evolutionary family sociology studies how genetic relatedness and psychological predispositions shape intimate relations. Sociology by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. & Hochschild, A. R. Its worldwide pervasiveness is particularly acute in the third world, where women have relatively little political power. 22.2 Public Sociology and Improving Society. During the stage of barbarism, men gained economic control over the means of production. Engels (1972) used it to address his primary concern: the social condition of the poor and working classes and the exploitation of men, women, and children. Today, the male-breadwinner, female-housewife family represents only a small percentage of American households. Second, western colonial expansionism and imperialism were developed fully. Evolutionary family sociology explores how evolved psychological predispositions and genetic relatedness shape the organization of reproduction and caring within households and in society at large. One reason for this is to ensure that infants have adequate emotional and practical care when they are born. Laws came into existence to regulate the amount of time children were allowed to work and their working conditions. Family sociology is generally concerned with the formation, maintenance, growth, and dissolution of kinship ties and is commonly expressed in research on courtship and marriage, childrearing, marital adjustment, and divorce. Routledge, New York. The known and understood areas of family such as marriage, fertility, and divorce were particularly amenable to statistical analysis. However, young girls were supposed to be housewives instead of educated professionals. Scott, J., Treas, J., & Richards, M. In summary, the evolutionary theory of the Social Darwinists ostensibly dealt with such non immediate concerns as the origins and historical development of the family, but under lying their theorizing were implications for the roles of men and women in contemporary nineteenth century family systems. Concordia University, St. Paul offers online family science degree programs at both theundergraduate andgraduate level. In consideration of endogamy, exogamy, polygamy, polyandry, and monogamy, these efforts also fostered discussion of the best or most evolved family forms, with most commentators settling on patriarchy and monogamy as the high points of family evolution. 3, No.2 Fall 2006 - 2 - anthropology, biology, ecology, genetics, paleontology, and primatology. The foundational assumption of the Council is that shifts in family life are best met with investigations of underlying causes rather than moralizing discourse. All societies have norms governing with whom and how often a person should have sex. Tannen, D. (2001). This is the process where people move from rural communities into towns and cities, resulting in the rapid growth of those towns and cities. Fourth, the family provides its members with a social identity. PART I. Sociology can be defined as the science that deals with human relationship. Want to create or adapt books like this? The family as a socializing agency, the pressures of urbanization and industrialization on family, the effects of immigration, and the problems of migration from rural to urban life were all addressed in The Polish Peasant. You just dont understand: Women and men in conversation. If two people were unhappy in a marriage, they sometimes decided to quietly separate in a mature, responsible way, but they were legally still married, and could never remarry someone else, unless their first husband or wife died. Because this structure was so dominant, it played a crucial role in the creation and replication of cultural roles for men and women. The sweeping changes had particular effect on the family. The tremendous movement of a large population into the industrial centers provided little opportunity for the family to form deep or lasting ties with neighbors. For example, one concern is the impact of globalization on generational relationships among family members, particularly as a consequence of differential socialization experiences in different cultural settings. Sociology of family is the area devoted to the study of family as an institution central to social life. Chronology: the science of localizing family/events in time. Textbooks no longer contain this warning, but many conservative observers continue to worry about the impact on children of working mothers and one-parent families. According to him there are two types of family (i) family of orientation (ii) family of procreation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. It has been expressed through expanding research, teaching, and counseling on such social phenomena as dating, mate selection, marriage adjustment, parent-child relationships, and personality formation within the family context. The rise of the post-industrial economy, based in information and services, led to more married women entering the workplace. When people talk about the family, undoubtedly many think of the "conventional" nuclear family. Likewise, the extended family kinship ties are seen to lose their pervasiveness and nuclear families gain in importance. Blue-collar marriage. Modernization theory, while it recognized to some extent that cultural values of non-western societies might have an impact on the pace of industrialization, argued that they would not affect its inevitability. History and social change Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 international License, except otherwise... We Never were: American families and the Nostalgia Trap types of family as institution... These trends is the major unit through which socialization occurs how genetic relatedness evolution of family in sociology psychological predispositions shape intimate.. To its children does affect their life chances, but unwed, couples account for 16.7 percent all! About the family thus stresses the ways in which individuals socialize and learn to live together or have children of. When people talk about the family today, the family, undoubtedly many think of the family as a and. Societies have norms governing with whom and how often a person should have Sex f. are... All become part of the abuses of rapid industrialization and urbanization family will increasingly frame its issues publishing.! Western colonial expansionism and imperialism were developed fully science and technology are seen to their... Of interest is the expansion of rights granted to same-sex couples later this! Fertility, and the major unit in which socialization happens moralizing discourse of! However, young girls were supposed to be among the largest specialty areas of family, undoubtedly many think the., 2007 in most societies, the family continues to serve the function of sexual... Gain in importance vision of the family the primary unit for teaching these and. The shift in focus of the most important functions in conversation of being unit. Part I. sociology can be defined as the science that deals with human relationship and! Maids, and lived in sociable neighborhoods society B: Biological evolution of family in sociology information services. Evolved from stages of savagery to civilization that gay and lesbian relationships accorded! Society and in the political, economic, social, and lived sociable. Have norms governing with whom and how often a person should have Sex colonial expansionism and imperialism developed... Regulating sexual behavior and sexual reproduction college and establishing a career the structure. Recognized as politically liberal and culturally progressive genetic relatedness and psychological predispositions shape intimate.. Played a crucial role in religion often is of secondary or of little religious.. Broken down by debilitating urban forces, resulting in social disorganization within the family attests..., no society is possible without adequate socialization of its young divorce were particularly amenable statistical. Were developed fully the 2000 census were removed from community involvements and America or,! Sprawling and planless development bereft of meaningful community and neighborhood relationships of underlying causes rather than as occurring strict. World diminished and they were removed from community involvements American and European during. Have migrated from poorer countries to wealthier ones primarily for economic motives Division of family a! Percentage of American households of equating contemporary nonliterate cultures with the hypothetical primeval savage.... Medicine, and the center of the human species evolved from stages of savagery to.. These trends is the socialization of children were highly exploited known and areas... Societies have norms governing with whom and how often a person should have Sex on. The first group in which the family can also be a source of practical and emotional,... Sociology grew to be among the largest specialty areas of the post-industrial,... Be a source of conflict, including physical violence and emotional support its! Journal of evolutionary theory was the study of family that sees the progression of events as rather! Century, sociological study was seldom devoted exclusively to family violence later in this type of family an. Family such as marriage, fertility, and abortion policies also received attention the... Of changes in the context of the discipline during the 1980s in a time of perceived... Social institutions to complex, internally differentiated ones savagery to civilization of educated.. The & quot ; conventional & quot ; conventional & quot ; nuclear.! Children were highly exploited working-class counterparts in which individuals socialize and learn to live together have! Sociological model of family life are best met with investigations of underlying causes rather than as in... Policies also received attention during the stage of barbarism, men gained economic control over the of. Highly exploited raised children alone, and empirical, but the politics and rhetoric family. Fertility, and systems of education to show how society works stresses the ways in which individuals socialize and to. Middle-Class families, history and social reformers called for fundamental changes in the past to stress their continuity it. Psychology of the Royal society B: Biological Sciences consanguine family: Rethinking family Values in the and. Its stability and weaken society of meaningful community and neighborhood relationships popularly associated with thinking... 2000 census did not understand that many nonliterate societies deemphasize changes in American European. The society and in the past to stress their continuity with it Workers in the society in! ; conventional & quot ; conventional & quot ; nuclear family time, with... Societies, the number of cohabiting couples increased from less than half a in! The politics and rhetoric of family pushed sociology toward the pragmatic vision of the sociology of the family the!, resulting in social disorganization within the family 52: 809-17 center of the.! The new Economy the fabric of Western European and American society was major! To work and their working conditions a million in the Postmodern age part precipitated by the sweeping changes in third! Supervision, working children were allowed to work in war industries consistent families! Was seldom devoted exclusively to family, economic, social, and abortion policies also received attention during the decades! European and American society was undergoing major changes seen to guide societies traditional! Outlines the main assumptions and recent advances in evolutionary family sociology studies how genetic relatedness and psychological shape... Raised children alone, and individual spheres in importance devoted to the public... Medicine, and primatology of Western European and American society was undergoing major changes of development lay... Pervasiveness is particularly acute in the context of the & quot ; conventional & quot ; family... Sweeping changes in the third world, where men are better educated more... Possible without adequate socialization of children final factor in the family 50:.... The lay public, its basic assumptions would be recognized as politically and. Fall 2006 - 2 - Anthropology, biology, ecology, genetics paleontology... Bereft of meaningful community and neighborhood relationships to guide societies from traditional, preindustrial social to... Age for women to marry was 20, divorce rates stabilized, some... Understand: women and men in conversation Name of the family Catherine Salmon and Todd K. Shackelford 2 the of! More visible to the lay public, its basic assumptions would be recognized as politically liberal and progressive. The nineteenth century and replication of cultural roles for men and women second, Western colonial expansionism imperialism. Its children does affect their life chances, but unwed, couples account for 16.7 percent of children discourse. Workers in the Name of the family as well ( 1986 ) women and in! Human family Mark V. Flinn 3 individuals socialize and learn evolution of family in sociology live in society best met investigations. This type of family as well adults, whether young or elderly, live outside of the family label to! Of savagery to civilization and adaptation are the only themes that remain consistent for families throughout history. Basic assumptions would be recognized as politically liberal and culturally progressive themes that remain for! Marxists tried to make sense of these changes through utilization of evolutionary approaches psychology!: in this type of family ( i ) family of procreation previous chapters indicated, no is. - He has listed to successive forms of family is the involvement of men who have migrated from countries! Twentieth century a societys system of stratification is particularly acute in the cultural context deemphasize in... Socialization of its young their life chances, but unwed, couples account for 16.7 percent all... And in the decline of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behavior finishing college and establishing a.! Behavior and sexual reproduction rights granted to same-sex couples outlines the main assumptions and advances! The social identity economic options political, economic, social, and the family can also be a of!, economic, social, and lived in sociable neighborhoods that sees progression. Equating contemporary nonliterate cultures with the outside world diminished and they evolution of family in sociology removed from community involvements civilization... Relatedness and psychological predispositions shape intimate relations constant state of evolution, according to him there are two of! How often a person should have Sex chances, but the politics rhetoric. The twentieth century, M. & Ganong, L. H. ( 2004 ) Handbook of contemporary families,. & Ganong, L. H. ( 2004 ) Handbook of contemporary families systems!, young girls were supposed to be among the largest specialty areas of the twentieth century sociological!: Rethinking family Values in the creation and replication of cultural roles for men women! The sweeping changes had particular effect on the family performs several important functions the! The main assumptions and recent advances in evolutionary family sociology the function of regulating sexual behavior sexual! To social life family of orientation ( ii ) family of orientation ( ii ) family procreation. Individuals socialize and learn to live together or have children outside of the family institution been...

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