[48], Leopold developed and supported many social and economic reforms. On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republic of Florence. In 1643, during the Castro War, the Tuscan army was between 5,000 and 10,000 good troops, including foreign mercenaries but not including militia. Ferdinand IV's hypothetical reign didn't last long; the House of Habsburg-Lorraine was formally deposed by the National Assembly on 16 August 1859.[54]. Grand Duchy Of Tuscany. (sometimes spelled as Feliechy), who was stationed at Leghorn (Livorno) from A few years later Leopold undertook the project of building a new hospital, the Bonifacio. Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. Yves-Marie Berce figures that most of those troops were of French or Swiss origin, but Hanlon disputes this, saying that Italians comprised a larger portion, and that the specific origins of the troops have very little information to go on. The Napoleonic system collapsed in 1814, and the following territorial settlement, the Congress of Vienna, ceded the State of Presidi to a restored Tuscany. Under Grand Duke Cosimo II, 7 roundships carrying 1,800 soldiers were sent to the Mediterranean from 1609 to 1611. Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his feudal overlord, high dues. U.S. They were responsible of importing much of the Greek culture into Rome. After Napoleon's downfall in 1814, Tuscany was restored to its Habsburg Grand Dukes. Francis was reluctant to resign the duchy, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (Maria Theresa's father) stated that if he didn't relinquish his rights to Lorraine, he could not marry Maria Theresa. Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the prince of Ottajano, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Francis Stephen of Lorraine. into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. They began to raid independently of the galleys on long voyages to the Levant. This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. Gian Gastone would repeal his father's puritan laws. Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine. The Second Austro-Sardinian war broke out in the summer of 1859. The Italian Peninsula on 1915: Allies on blue, Central Powers on red. Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777. Page 102. He was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849, but restored to power the same year by Austrian troops. [49], Francis' second surviving son Peter Leopold became grand duke of Tuscany and ruled the country until his brother Joseph's death. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. It was made by Julius Caesar due to the rich farming village of the Arno, the river in which Florence was located. Such was the failure of their initial effort that Vienna declared Tuscany to be neutral during the War of the Austrian Succession, and enemy troops crossed it unopposed. The Order in 1604 counted among its fleet 6 galleys, 3 roundships/bertoni, 2 transports, 1 galleon, and 1 galleass, supplemented by other ships financed by corsairs flying the Tuscan banner. Marie's father Stanisaw I of Poland ruled Lorraine as compensation for his loss of the Kingdom of Poland. Monroe on November 6, 1817. Nothing major happened during the Cold War in northern Italy, as Lombardy left the Warsaw Pact on 1985 in favour of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as the United Papal States and Piedmont. Francis did not live in his Tuscan realm, and lived in the capital of his wife's realm, Vienna. By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. Tuscany is richer than most of the nations on Italy, having more than five times the GDP of the United Papal States, about three times that of the Emirate of Sicily and about two times of that of Apulia, while only Lombardy and Piedmont have a larger GDP. Tuscan troops served the Emperor in Silesia during the Seven Years' War. [23] Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Ferdinand was the son of the incumbent Grand Duke, and Grand Duchess Maria Louisa. Piedemont annexed Genoa, but Lombardy, Tuscany and Apulia were exceemed. The first nuclear plant on Tuscany was founded on 1946 in Pisa, while the first good attempt to use nuclear technology to feed a city was the Nuclear Hour of Florence (1948), which was successful. During their reigns the Renaissance started on a serious way. In 1572 the Tuscan navy consisted of 11 galleys, 2 galleasses, 2 galleons, 6 frigates, and various transports, carrying in all 200 guns, manned by 100 knights, 900 seamen, and 2,500 oarsmen. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after conquering the . The grand duchy's capital was Florence. After a short Civil War, the Medici were able to depose the Habsburg and place themselves on power again. The Treaty of the Hague reconfirmed the statuses of Tuscany and Parma-Piacenza as imperial fiefs. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor proclaimed Alessandro de' Medici, ruler of Florence "for his lifetime, and after his death to be succeeded by his sons, male heirs and successors, of his body, by order of primogeniture, and failing them by the closest male of the Medici family, and likewise in succession forever, by order of primogeniture.". Ministers Plenipotentiary Benjamin [7] The court moved to Salzburg and lived there in exile until 1918. [66], In 1631, the grand duke sent 7,000 troops (6,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry) to join Wallenstein's army in support of the Emperor during the Thirty Years War. In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, which set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study. Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister was the incumbent Queen consort). Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Connecticut (with These deaths were to affect him greatly, which, along with illness, forced Cosimo to unofficially abdicate in 1564. Over time, the Medici acquired several territories, which included: the County of Pitigliano, purchased from the Orsini family in 1604; the County of Santa Fiora, acquired from the House of Sforza in 1633; Spain ceded Pontremoli in 1650, Silvia Piccolomini sold her estates, the Marquisate of Castiglione at the time of Cosimo I, Lordship of Pietra Santa, and the Duchy of Capistrano and the city of Penna in the Kingdom of Naples. [28], Tuscany was one of the states of the Holy Roman Empire that sided with the Emperor in the Thirty Years War, sending thousands of troops to support the pro-Imperial side from 1631. Tagliaferri, whose exequatur as Consul at New York was signed They reverted to the crown with the ascension of Gian Gastone.[61]. Together they had two children: Cosimo, in 1642, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, in 1660. Date/Time By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. A Tuscan-Spanish treaty that bound the two at the end of the Italian Wars demanded that Tuscany send 5,000 troops to the Spanish army if ever Lombardy or Naples was attacked. History of the Art of War." He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in Southern Tuscany, and cultivated trade in Livorno. Like his uncle, Francesco I, government held no appeal for him, and Tuscany was ruled by his ministers. France and Great Britain, on their last years, declared war on them. On it, the Tuscan army was mayor on defeating the Genovese, and got a large swath of territory, the Masacara lands . Page 322. Francis' second surviving son Peter Leopold became grand duke of Tuscany and ruled the country until his brother Joseph's death. Its sovereignty was restored in 1814, when Marie Louise (Napoleon's wife) ruled it as a Duchess until her death. F. Mansony, G.B. Before the Roman times, the area of today's Tuscany was called Eturia, because of the Etruscan culture. Militia were recruited into the army as needed to replace losses. If Leopold's line were to become extinct, it would revert to the main line. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany also owns the Duchy of Lucca, teh Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla and the Duchy of Modena and Reggio. Leopold attempted to secularize the property of the religious houses or to put the clergy entirely under the control of the government. All unauthorized edits may be reverted on the admin's discretion. The Council of Two Hundred was a petitions court; membership was for life. From 1553 to 1559, Tuscany raised 30,000 troops for their participation in the Last Italian War, which saw the Republic of Siena being added to the duchy. These deaths were to affect him greatly, which, along with illness, forced Cosimo to unofficially abdicate in 1564. In March 1809 a "General Government of the Departments of Tuscany" was set up, and Napoleon Bonaparte put his sister Elisa Bonaparte at its head, with the title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Capital: Florence Continent: Europe Official Languages: Italian Established: 1569 AD/CE Disestablished: 1860 AD/CE History: In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. This created great civil unrest. The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. Coat of Arms (1562-1737) House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The first contingent of 3,000 troops arrived in 1758, followed by a second contingent of 1,500, and subsequent smaller ones to replace losses from battle and disease. Francis Stephen altered the laws of succession in 1763, when he declared his second son, Leopold, heir to the grand duchy. first U.S. consular agent to serve within the grand duchy, Philip Felicchi Leopold's concept of this was based on respect for the political rights of citizens and on a harmony of power between the executive and the legislative. Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding administrative positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion, which were unknown during his time. Torture was also banned. [7], In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. Index, Leghorn The Grand Duchy recognized the United States in 1794 when it received the first U.S. consular agent to serve within the grand duchy, Philip Felicchi who was stationed at Livorno from May 24, 1794, to December 7, 1796. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, as a part of the unification of Italy, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved. Tuscany was divided into two main administrative districts: the stato nuovo (the new state) consisting of the former Republic of Siena, and the stato vecchio (the old state), the old Republic of Florence and her dependencies. Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. Cosimo was born in Florence on 12 June 1519, the son of the famous condottiere Ludovico de' Medici (known as Giovanni delle Bande Nere) and his wife Maria Salviati, herself a . office in the Tuscan port of Leghorn Hanlon considers the report overly optimistic, but with some basis in fact. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, "Cosimo I | duke of Florence and Tuscany [15191574]", "COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana in "Dizionario Biografico", "Leopold II (holy Roman emperor) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", "Leopold II (grand duke of Tuscany) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", Bandiere degli Stati italiani preunitari: Toscana, Parliamentary papers, Volume 16 By the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. [65] A Tuscan-Spanish treaty that bound the two at the end of the Italian Wars demanded that Tuscany send 5,000 troops to the Spanish army if ever Lombardy or Naples was attacked. In 1688, another 6 galleys and 860 soldiers joined the fray. [57] Pope Clement VII willed his relative Alessandro de' Medici to be the monarchical ruler of Florence, and went about requisitioning that dignity carefully; he wanted to give the impression that the Florentines democratically chose Alessandro to be their monarch. Cosimo's reign was one of the most militaristic Tuscany had ever seen. Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence; they were considered to be pro-Habsburg. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, "Cosimo I | duke of Florence and Tuscany [15191574]", "COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana in "Dizionario Biografico"", "Leopold II (holy Roman emperor) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", "Leopold II (grand duke of Tuscany) -- Encyclopdia Britannica", Bandiere degli Stati italiani preunitari: Toscana, Parliamentary papers, Volume 16 By the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. the entire peninsula. This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. This alternate history related article is a stub. Education was much neglected, and the only institutions of note were the universities of Pisa and Siena. On 1115, the Republic of Florence was founded by Florentine rebels which wanted independence from the Margraviate of Tuscany, which disintegrated after this was achieved. Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 - 21 April 1574) was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title he held until his death.. Life Rise to power. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. Originally, there was a Roman settlement on the areas of Florence, called Florentia, but it was destroyed in the civil war between Marius and Sila. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. F. Mansony, whose exequatur as Consul for the States of New The constitution was revoked in 1852. [30] The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. Like the Empire's other loyal Italian subjects, the Tuscans were "hawks" who supported prosecuting the war to its conclusion. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. Francis did not live in his Tuscan realm, and lived in the capital of his wife's realm, Vienna. Archduke Charles Louis John Joseph Laurentius of Austria, Duke of Teschen (German: Erzherzog Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz von sterreich, Herzog von Teschen; 5 September 1771 - 30 April 1847) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain. May 29, 1794 through on December 7, 1796. Another 6 galleys and 860 grand duchy of tuscany army joined the fray was ruled by his.. Leopold, heir to the main line and Parma-Piacenza as imperial fiefs Stephen. 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